Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. RSV infections often present with non-specific clinical manifestations and may rapidly progress to lower respiratory tract involvement, resulting in severe complications such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The high incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations imposes a substantial healthcare burden on families and societies globally. The risk factors for RSV infection are multifaceted, and notably, the epidemiological patterns and clinical manifestations of RSV have been notably influenced following the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an elevated risk of RSV infection among infants, including neonates. Consequently, optimal management of RSV disease hinges on effective prevention and treatment strategies. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding risk factors, therapeutic interventions, and prophylactic measures for RSV infection in neonates, with a focus on evidence from both domestic and international studies. By consolidating current knowledge, we aim to enhance neonatologists' awareness of RSV-associated risk factors and inform evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and clinical management in this vulnerable population