Objective To investigate the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its effects on neurological function and intestinal flora in rats with traumatic craniocerebral injury. Methods Thirty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into the Sham group, the TBI group and the RES group, with 10 rats in each group. The TBI rat model was established by the modified free fall method. The neurological function score of the rats was observed after RES intragastric administration intervention. The recovery of neurological function was evaluated by the water maze test. The histopathological changes of brain tissue and colon tissue were observed by HE staining. The contents of TNF-α, IL6 and LPS in rat serum were detected by ELISA. The protein expression levels of PI3K, Akt, TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by Western blot. The diversity of intestinal flora and species changes of mice in each group were observed by 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Results Compared with the TBI group, the neurological function score in the RES group began to decrease on the 7th day and significantly decreased on the 14th day (P<0.05). On the 3rd and 4th days of the Morris water maze positioning voyage, the platform latency and total distance of the TBI group were prolonged compared with those of the Sham group (P<0.05). Compared with the TBI group, the escape latency and total distance in the RES group were both shortened (P<0.05). During the space exploration period, the number of times the TBI group crossed the platform was less than that of the Sham group, and the proportion of the distance in the target quadrant decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the TBI group, there was a significant difference in the number of platform passes in the RES group on the 6th day (P< 0.05), and the proportion of distance in the target quadrant increased (P<0.05). The pathological results of the RES group compared with the TBI group indicated that neuronal injury was alleviated, the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and LPS decreased (P<0.05), the expression levels of TNF-α and IL6 in hippocampal tissue decreased, and the expression levels of PI3K and Akt increased (P<0.05). The diversity of the microbiota in the TBI group of rats decreased, and the relative abundance of microbiota such as Firmicutes and Oscillospira increased after RES intervention. Resveratrol could enrich the diversity of the flora and increase the relative abundance of genera such as Lactobacillus.Conclusion Resveratrol improves the neurological function recovery of traumatic brain injury by increasing beneficial intestinal bacteria, reducing pathogenic bacteria, enriching the diversity of the microbiota, inhibiting the generation of inflammatory factors, and regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway