Objective To investigate the correlation between serum levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D (VD), and postoperative outcomes in patients with uterine fibroids. Methods A total of 254 patients who underwent myomectomy at our hospital from March 2019 to March 2023 were selected as the study subjects and divided into non-recurrence (n=171) and recurrence groups (n=83) based on whether recurrence occurred. Clinical data, serum TGF-β1, CRP, and VD levels were collected for univariate analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between these factors and postoperative recurrence. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent influencing factors for postoperative recurrence. Results Patients who underwent myomectomy had higher proportions of diffuse pathological type, intramural location of fibroids, and number of fibroids≥4, as well as higher levels of TGF-β1 and CRP, but lower levels of VD (P＜0.05). Postoperative recurrence was significantly positively correlated with pathological type, fibroid location, number of fibroids, TGF-β1, and CRP levels, but significantly negatively correlated with VD levels (P＜0.05). TGF-β1 level had the strongest correlation (r=0.741, P＜0.001). Number of fibroids, TGF-β1, CRP, and VD levels were all identified as independent influencing factors for postoperative recurrence. Conclusion Number of fibroids≥4, higher levels of TGF-β1 and CRP, and lower levels of VD can increase the risk of postoperative recurrence. These findings can provide a reference for early prevention, intervention, and treatment plans in clinical practice