Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are a serious central nervous system injury disease with high disability and mortality rates, and have become a major public health problem that urgently needs to be addressed. At present, the existing SCI treatment methods have limited effectiveness in promoting neurological function recovery, and there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods to repair SCI. In recent years, research has found that biomaterial scaffolds have become a new therapeutic strategy for promoting the regeneration and repair of damaged nerve tissue after SCI. Biomaterial scaffolds can provide support for neural tissue by filling the spinal cord cavity, and improve local inflammatory responses and reshape extracellular matrix structures through unique biochemical properties, creating the optimal microenvironment for SCI sites and promoting neuronal and axonal regeneration. This article aims to discuss the research progress of biomaterial scaffolds in SCI repair