Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by morphological dysplasia, clonal anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis, leading to peripheral blood cell reduction, and with a risk of transforming into acute myeloid leukemia. Diagnostic and prognostic systems for MDS have been jointly developed, and both have now incorporated molecular markers. The evolution from the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS), the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), to the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M), which incorporates gene mutations, has resulted in the distinction between low-risk and high-risk MDS, further improving risk stratification and increasing the accuracy of MDS prognostic assessment. The treatment of MDS is based on the patient's risk stratification, with different treatments for low-risk and high-risk MDS patients. For low-risk MDS(LR-MDS) patients, the treatment goal is to improve anemia and other hematopoietic deficiencies, allowing patients to discontinue blood transfusion dependence and improve quality of life, in addition to Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), lenalidomide, and immunosuppressive agents. Currently, several new treatments for low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome are being studied