Alveolar bone defects often result from trauma, tooth extraction, or bone disorders, potentially causing significant impacts on patients' masticatory function and facial appearance. With the increasing trend of population aging, the demand for repairing alveolar bone defects is becoming more pronounced. Traditional repair methods often face challenges such as extended postoperative healing periods and unpredictable outcomes. Consequently, researchers urgently seek more innovative and efficient repair methods to enhance patients' quality of life.In recent years, the rapid development of tissue engineering and materials science has provided a new research direction for the repair of alveolar bone defects. This review thoroughly analyzes the current forefront research in the field of alveolar bone defect repair, focusing on the cutting-edge application of biomaterials, such as artificial bone grafts and bioactive substances. These innovative materials offer robust support for bone tissue regeneration. Simultaneously, the clever introduction of stem cell technology provides new avenues for personalized treatments, rapidly advancing the repair process by promoting bone tissue regeneration. At the forefront of technology, 3D printing demonstrates the potential to customize complex structures based on individual needs. The precise application of growth factors emerges as a crucial strategy in regulating bone cell differentiation and proliferation. These findings not only reflect the current innovative trends in technology and medicine but also present promising prospects for the future treatment of alveolar bone defects, providing readers with an opportunity for a profound understanding of this field