Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the global public health problems, with low awareness, high morbidity and poor prognosis, which brings great economic burden for families and society. Selenium is a vital trace element in the human body. It can not only participate in the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, scavenge free radicals in cells, but also synthesize selenoprotein, bind heavy metal ions in the body, and participate in the regulation of oxidative stress in cells. Oxidative stress is one of the key factors in promoting the progression of CKD, and continuous increased oxidative stress can lead to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and excessive repair of renal tissue. Selenium and selenoprotein have significant effct on CKD. Therefore, this article intends to review the research progress of selenium and selenoprotein in CKD from three aspects: overview of selenium and selenoprotein, selenium and selenoprotein in CKD, selenium and selenium replacement therapy, in order to elucidate the specific role and mechanism of selenium and selenoprotein on CKD for human healthy