With an aging population, the prevalence of lumbar degenerative diseass is increasing, driving advancements in minimally invasive lumbarspine surgery techniques. Traditional open surgery, while effective, can cause damage and scarring to posterior spinal structures. Current minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery focuses on decompression, endoscopic fusion, and Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF). For decompression, lumbar discectomy can be performed using a Microendoscopic Discectomy (MED), Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy (UBE), and Full-Endoscopic (FE) methods, with FE causing the least trauma. Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy (PETD) and Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminal Discectomy (PEID) have distinct advantages, and UBE has emerged as a leading technique due to its flexibility and clear visual field. Endoscopic fusion, primarily used to treat lumbar spondylolisthesis, aims to restore normal lumbar alignment. FE-TLIF and UBE-TLIF procedures are minimally invasive, promote quick recovery, and have high fusion rates. OLIF offers benefits such as minimal trauma, a larger graft area, and effective correction of spinal deformities. Compared to Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) and Extreme Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (XLIF), OLIF significantly reduces the risk of vascular and neural complications. Overall, the rapid development of minimally invasive lumbar techniques, combined with robotic and navigational technologies, is expected to enhance surgical precision and minimal invasiveness, promoting personalized treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases and reducing healthcare costs