Objective To explore the characteristics of serum vitamin levels and its related factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at different stages. Methods There were 173 CKD patients admitted to the nephrology department of our hospital from May 2021 to March 2022, which included 59 patients in non-dialysis CKD stages 1-3, 79 patients in CKD stages 4-5, and 35 patients in hemodialysis. The differences of clinical indexes of patients in each group were compared, and the level change characteristics of 14 vitamins and their correlation with clinical indicators were analyzed. Results Most of the patients (88%) had serum concentrations of vitamins B2, B3, B5, B6 (pyridoxine), B9, B12, 25 (OH) D2, 25 (OH) D3, and E within the normal reference range. As renal function progressed, vitamin A concentrations gradually increased in non-dialysis patients (P<0.05), but vitamin A concentrations remained higher in dialysis patients than in non-dialysis patients. Vitamin B1 deficiency was found in 94% of participants. The concentration of vitamin B1 in dialysis patients was lower than non-dialysis patients (P<0.05), and the level of vitamin B1 in the CKD stages 4-5 group was lower than the CKD stages 1-3 group (P<0.05). Lack of 25 (OH) D was present in all non-dialysis patients. However, there was no significant difference between the CKD stages 1-3 and the CKD stages 4-5, while dialysis patients had a higher 25 (OH) D than non-dialysis patients (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed a weak correlation between vitamin A, B2, B3, B5, B7, B12, 25 (OH) D, and E levels and eGFR. It also revealed that vitamin E, B5 and 25 (OH) D were closely related to blood lipid metabolism. Conclusion Most patients with CKD will have various vitamin metabolic abnormalities along with the progression of the disease, mainly including the accumulation of vitamin A and the deficiency of vitamin B1 and 25 (OH) D, which means early monitoring of vitamin levels and timely and reasonable vitamin replacement therapy are necessary.