Objective To investigate the efficacy and economic effect of mecapegfilgrastim injection and recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor injection in stimulating granulocyte growth after peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 70 patients who received peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from April 2018 to April 2019, and they were divided into mecapegfilgrastim group and recombinant human granulose-stimulating factor group. On the first day after autologous HSCT or on the fifth day after allogeneic HSCT, subcutaneous injections of mecapegfilgrastim injection and recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor were given respectively. The rate of granulocyte growth was compared between the two groups, and the incidence of adverse reactions and economic effects were compared between the two groups during treatment. Results There was no significant difference in the mean granulocyte survival days between the two groups between mecapegfilgrastim group and recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor group(P＞0.05)；In terms of drug-related complications, the incidence of pain, fever and skin lesions was not statistically significant(P＞0.05)，but the number of skin lesions in rhG-CSF group was higher than that in mecapegfilgrastim group. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of osteoarticular muscle pain(P＞0.05). In terms of the injection frequency, patients in the mecapegfilgrastim group received only one injection, and patients in the recombinant human granuloplastin group received 8-17 injections(mean 14 injections). In terms of economic cost, the average cost of mecapegfilgrastim group was 3080 yuan, and the average cost of recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor group was 2876 yuan. Conclusion There was no significant difference between the two groups in the effect of stimulating granulocyte growth after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the occurrence of pain during granulocyte ascension stage. In terms of cost, mecapegfilgrastim is relatively high, but mecapegfilgrastim only needs one subcutaneous injection, which can not only significantly reduce the skin damage and patients' pain and fear during injection, but also reduce the clinical workload of nurses.