Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, which seriously affects the quality of life and survival time of patients. Accurate diagnosis and evaluation of ROD is still a great challenge for nephrologists. In recent years, with the continuous development of medical technology, the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy has made great progress, especially the new radionuclide bone imaging technology has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, we reviewed recent progress of the diagnosis of ROD and prospect the possible research direction in the future, which might benefit for the improvement of diagnosis of ROD.