Objective To explore the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Recombinant Matrix Metalloproteinase 14(MMP-14), and mouse Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) in laryngeal cancer and their correlation with pathological characteristics and prognosis. Methods The clinical data of 36 patients with laryngeal cancer admitted to our hospital from July 2016 to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The expression of LC3, MMP-14 and PD-1 in different tissues was analyzed. The correlation between the expression of LC3, MMP-14 and PD-1 and pathological characteristics and the factors affecting the prognosis and survival of patients with laryngeal cancer were explored. Results There were significant differences in the positive expression rates of LC3, MMP-14 and PD-1 between laryngeal cancer tissues and normal tissues (P＜0.05). The expression of the above indicators is related to the clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and degree of differentiation (P＜0.05). The average survival time of LC3 negative expression and positive expression was (28.65±2.49) months and (32.92±1.99) months, respectively. The average survival time of negative expression and positive expression of MMP-14 were (30.46±1.48) months and (24.48±1.79) months, respectively. The average survival period of negative expression and positive expression of PD-1 were (25.71±2.04) months and (19.40±1.63) months, respectively. Survival analysis showed that those with positive LC3 expression had a longer survival time, while those with negative MMP-14 and PD-1 expression had a longer survival time (P＜0.05). Further analysis of the unconditional multivariate logistic regression model showed that clinical stage (stage Ⅲ~Ⅵ), lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation (highly differentiated), LC3 expression (positive), MMP-14 expression (positive) and PD-1 expression (positive) were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer (P＜0.05). Conclusion Negative expression of LC3 and positive expression of MMP-14 and PD-1 will increase the mortality of patients with laryngeal cancer, clinical stage (Ⅲ~Ⅵ), lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation (highly differentiated), LC3 expression (negative), MMP-14 expression (positive) and PD-1 expression (positive) are independent risk factors that affect the prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer. LC3, MMP-14, PD-1 can be used as markers for judging tumor progression and prognosis in patients with laryngeal cancer.