Objective To investigate the efficacy of intervertebral foraminal endoscopic surgery in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and its influence on inflammatory factors. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed 120 patients with lumbar disc herniation who were treated in the hospital between September 2016 and May 2020. Among them, patients treated with open fenestration were included in the control group (n=49), while those treated with intervertebral foraminal endoscopic surgery were included in the study group (n=71). Therapeutic effects and inflammatory factors in the 2 groups were compared. Results There was a significant difference in the excellent and good rate of curative effect between the 2 groups (91.55% VS 77.55%, P＜0.05). The operation time, time in bed, and length of incision of the study group were significantly shorter than those of the control group, and intraoperative blood loss was less than that of the control group (P＜0.05). After treatment, the levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and PCT were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P＜0.05). The study group had significantly lower VAS scores than the control group (P＜0.05). After treatment, the MAP、HR fluctuation in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Intervertebral foraminal endoscopic surgery can achieve better effect than open fenestration in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. The former can improve the patient's back function, lower the levels of inflammatory factors, and reduce the influence on the stress level, with less trauma.