Objective To delve into different results of the clinical efficacy and safety of the different anesthesia techniques on thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 106 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of esophageal cancer in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of our hospital from September 2015 to September 2017 were analyzed. According to the anesthesia technique used during operation, the patients were divided into artificial pneumothorax single-cavity intubation double-lung ventilation technique group (group A), 51 cases, and double-cavity intubation single-lung ventilation technique group (group B), 55 cases. The clinical effect of anesthesia technique was compared between the two groups. Patients were followed up 3 years after operation. Results Group A was significantly better than Group B in thoracoscopic operation time, intraoperative chest blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and total postoperative chest drainage (P＜0.05). Compared with Group B, group A had clearer surgical field and was more beneficial to improve the number of lymph nodes dissected by left recurrent laryngeal nerve (P＜0.05). By comparing postoperative complications between groups, the incidence of pulmonary infection in Group A was significantly lower than that in Group B (P=0.03), and there was no statistical difference in the incidence of other postoperative complications (P＞0.05). There was no statistical significance in 3-year survival rate between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion Compared with the techniques of double lumen endotracheal intuation, the conclusion can be drawn that the artificial single pneumothorax beside the left recurrent laryngeal nerve ensures a better vision, thus enhancing the number of lymphaden beside the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and effectively reducing the postoperative pulmonary infection. Taking the statistical significance of 3-year cumulative survival into account, this technique cannot affect the long-term clinical prognosis of patients.