【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the changes of S100B and Xlinked apoptosis inhibitory protein (XIAP) beforeand after brain tumor resection and analyze their relationship with clinical characteristics and prognosis. Methods FromJune 2009 to June 2012, 168 patients with brain tumor diagnosed in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Central Hospital and underwent tumor resection were selected as the study group and followed up for 3 years. According to the different survival time, 118 cases were divided into short survival group (＜ 3 years) and 50 cases into long survival group (≥ 3 years). 50 healthy people in the same period were selected as the control group. The expression levels of S100B / XIAP mRNA and serum S100B / XIAP protein in tumor tissues were detected by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, and the relationship between them and clinical characteristics of patients was analyzed, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Results The levels of S100B protein and XIAP protein in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The serum S100B protein and XIAP protein in the study group were significantly lower than those before operation (P＜0.05). The S100B/XIAP mRNA and serum S100B/XIAP protein in tumor type, tumor diameter, who grade and tissue type were significantly different (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference in gender, age and location (P＞0.05). Compared with the shortlived group, S100B / XIAP mRNA and S100B / XIAP protein in the longlived group were significantly lower than those in the shortlived group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The expression level of S100B and XIAP in brain tumor type, tumor diameter and WHO grade was significantly different, and the lower the expression level, the better the prognosis.