【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of patients with nosocomial infections undergoing neurosurgical operation, and provide theoretical basisfor preventing nosocomial infections. Methods We collected retrospectively the clinical data of 1980 patients underwent neurosurgical operation form September 2012 to December 2016. The risk factors were analyzed by Chisquaretes and Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 1980 patients investigated, the nosocomial infection rate was 1202％. The respiratory tract infection was 4496%. A total of 141 pathogenic bacteria were detected in 238 samples of patients, including 103 Gramnegative bacteria, 24 Grampositive bacteria and 14 fungi, accounting for 7305%, accounting for 1773% and 993% respectively. Univariate analysis and Multivarite logistic regression showed that the related risk factors for intracranial infection were the age, type of surgery, the duration of operation, prevention of antimicrobial agents, blood transfusion, a second operation, craniotomy and hospitalization time(P＜005). Conclusion The patients of department of neurosurgery are at high risk for nosocomial infections. It is necessary for the hospital to focus on such risk factors as the type of surgery, the duration of operation, prevention of antimicrobial agents, blood transfusion and a second operation. Tthe distribution of pathogens should be analyzed and the antibiotics should be reasonably used based on the drug susceptibility testing so as to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in the department of neurosurgery.