【Abstract】Objective To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors of renal involvement and significance of early prevention in 244 children with Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN). Methods The clinical data of 244 children with HSPN (study group) were retrospectively analyzed, and the epidemiological characteristics (age of onset, seasonal distribution, causes) were recorded. 210 children with nonHSPN were included in the control group. Age, gender, onset season, repeated rashes, use of anticoagulants and complications (abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, joint symptoms, angioedema, etc.), laboratory indicators and early prevention were compared between the two groups, and the risk factors of renal involvement were analyzed by nonconditional Logistic regression analysis. Results The sex ratio of the 244 children with HSPN was 2.2:1. The common age of onset was 5 ~ 10 years old (84.4%). The incidence was the highest in spring (52.5%). The causes of 151 cases were clear(61.9%), including 73 cases induced by respiratory tract infection diseases (29.9%), followed by food allergy (13.5%), microbial infection (11.1%) and drug allergy (7.4%). There were no significant differences in onset season, joint symptoms, angioedema and the detection results of red blood cell count (RBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and fibrinogen (FIB) between the two groups (P > 0.05). Nonconditional Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that age, repeated rashes, without use of anticoagulants and early prevention, white blood cell count (WBC) and gastrointestinal bleeding were the independent risk factors of renal involvement in children with HSP (P<0.05). Conclusion Most children with HSPN are 5 to 10 yearold male children, and the incidence is relatively high in spring. Respiratory infections, food or drug allergies and microbial infection can induce the disease, and age, repeated rashes, without use of anticoagulants and early prevention, WBC and gastrointestinal bleeding are the independent risk factors of renal involvement in children with HSP.